I hope never to see such code in production. :)
Neat though.

• Input: 286.3333333333333 degrees
• Expected: [286, 20, 0]
• Actual: [286, 20, 60]

The action pants appreciate every year depending on the level to which they are soiled (soil input):
This phrase is rather vague and I had no trouble with this only because I had to deal with such katas in the past.

I would suggest rewriting it like this:
The action pants appreciate every year by their level of soiling (in percents). The value is cummulative (like compound interest).

ez )))

Can someone explain in plain English WHAT do I need to search for?

Duplicate of https://www.codewars.com/kata/574e4175ff5b0a554a00000b/discuss/python.
As it has even less value than the kata above, this one can be closed.

Average man: "Mine is longer!". Python developer: "Mine is shorter!"

The "union" is not clearly defined. It should be something like this:
"Given a rectangular matrix and integers a and b, consider the union of the a-th row and the b-th (both 0-based) column of the matrix except the point of intersection." That would spare people a lot of unnecessary blundering in the dark, trying to understand the difference between the actual and expected result.

The description should specify in which order the exceptions are evaluated and what error messages should be used. In this case, gender is evaluated first, then weight, then duration.

The description, or I'd rather say, the problem is not entirely correct.
For example, let's take the example we have only one stone. According to the existing conditions, it would take only 2 steps to go across and over.
In reality, there are 4 steps:

(across)

• shore - stone - 1 step
• stone - other shore - 1 step

(back)

• shore - stone - 1 step

• stone - other shore - 1 step

• Total: 4 steps.

As it is, the problem does not count the steps from the shore to the first stone.

Why bruteforce when you can hardwire something )))