Ones passed, can have problems before solving with just sorting through different options, insted of making a deliberate decision.
For me it was statement to surpass (overcome, means greater than), then statement oposite to this in middle of desc. in "More generally given parameters:".
Imo, if there was less description, but it says only: "Tell how many years it will take to initial population (p0) to become greater or equal to goal (p), don't forget about fact, that people can't be added by "partitions", drop any not full ones through population increase." It will be clearer.

At top of desc. it says how many year for p0 become "greater or equal" to p.
And only after example it says that p is population to surpass.

So was my pain to solve it for 1 mistake for 205 other tests passed (50 instead of 51).

need to replace len(numbers) with (len(numbers) or 1) to cover empty arrays.